All rights reserved. The complicated thing about alligator attacks is that they aren't always classified as such since the animal can attack but harm the person in another way, much like the toddler this week. 8. That study called for a uniform reporting system among states to get a more complete picture of the problem of alligator encounters, something that has still not been realised. Death will eventually occur after several years of infection. His death was determined to be caused by an alligator, and the responsible alligator was 8' 4" in length. People may go years with no symptoms before the infection suddenly becomes serious. In another notorious case, a 16-foot crocodile known as Osama, named after the terrorist, killed 80 people including children in Uganda between 1991 and 2005. When an alligator snatched and killed 2-year-old Lane Graves in June on the edge of a lake at Walt Disney World Resort in Orlando, Florida, many people wondered why Disney didn't do more to prevent such an attack. This number is in line with the 5 year annual global average of six unprovoked fatalities per year. Motion-activated lights and alarms can also deter bears from approaching a chicken coop. Rescuers were able to recover his body from the water in December 2020, but he was pronounced dead at the scene. Emergency services then used a chicken as bait to lure the 14-foot reptile out of the water. That led to the removal of more than 7,000 gators per year. 1: Ischaemic heart disease (8.8 percent) Ischemic heart disease is a range of heart diseases caused by decreased oxygen supply to the heart most often due to damage or narrowing of the arteries. Issued: 2/2/2022 . 14. Don't be fooled by their sleepy nature or their portrayal as comical characters in cartoons; hippopotami are some of the most aggressive animals on the planet and will not hesitate to charge humans who get too close. There were nine shark-related fatalities this year, five of which are assigned as unprovoked. One of the two fatal unprovoked shark attacks was near Reunion Island in the Indian Ocean, and the other was in the Bahamas. This is a list of fatal alligator attacks in the United States in reverse chronological order by decade. Dogs can also try to run towards their owners, which can incite bears to chase them. Please check your download folder. Over half (54 percent) of the 60 million annual deaths worldwide can be attributed to 10 causes. 3. According to the University of Florida's International Shark Attack File, only 41 unprovoked attacks occurred in U.S. waters in 2019, and none of them resulted in death. It's scary and sad. Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged inPlease refresh your browser to be logged in, Reptiles prevalent in southeastern states much feared but rarely attack humans, Find your bookmarks in your Independent Premium section, under my profile. Attacks on humans are rare, but attacks on domestic animals such as dogs and livestock are more common. Backlinks from other websites and blogs are the lifeblood of our site and are our primary source of new traffic. [clarification needed] This article contains a compilation of lists from several reliable sources. Can Rabbits Eat Carrots? On an average there are 56 million deaths that take . Deer. In these cases, a person can die from this scorpions sting, just as someone can die from a bee sting. The parasite, which causes a condition known as Chagas disease, immediately unleashes acute symptoms which can include severe swelling of the heart or brain. Tsetse flies, found in sub-Saharan Africa, carry a species of dangerous organisms called trypanosomes which, when transmitted to humans through the fly's bite, cause deadly sleeping sickness. The older lawn mower-users were, the higher the chances were of being involved in an accident. And of course there was a new entry to the list of 10 leading causes of death in 2020. . Do not feed the wildlife." Peter shouted, Hes broken my leg. Then he let go and was dragged into the lake. Slowly back away to create distance between you and the bear, and dont make sudden movements. The freshwater snail is responsible for transmitting a deadly parasitic disease called schistosomiasis. Though cougars are more elusive, bears are a lot more timid and more likely to avoid or run away from an encounter with a cougar. Children, the elderly and people with compromised immune systems are especially vulnerable to the potent neurotoxins delivered by these two arachnids. Everything is big in Texas! Pit bulls can be friendly, but they can also be fierce. The two key reasons for this increase are that chicken coops are becoming more popular in Vermont, and chickens are natural prey for bears. Every summer, we hear about shark attacks in the news, but the entire world only sees an average of six human deaths per year. Tick-borne illnesses like Lyme disease, Tick-Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF), and more make up a growing public health problem, especially considering the warming effects of climate change on deer and tick populations in the U.S. and abroad.. The other important thing to note is that annual deaths from all animal causes combined (about 200) are just an infinitesimal fraction of total deaths -- less than 0.008 percent of all deaths each . In fact, humans are more at risk of being killed by a lawnmower than they ever would by a great white. She said: I remember screaming underwater. Collectively, hornet, wasp, and bee stings account for about 62 deaths each year, according to the CDC. Lions are predators, and humans, if available, are easy prey. However, these animals typically have shy natures and prefer to keep to themselves. However, young children are at risk of serious complications, and those who have been stung by this scorpion before can develop an anaphylactic reaction to stings over time. The 2022 worldwide total of 57 confirmed unprovoked cases is lower than the most recent five-year (2017-2021) average of 70 incidents annually. accounted for an average of over 56 fatalities per year, compared to an average of about 1 fatality per year from alligator attacks in the United States (Forrester et al. Lane Graves was snatched by an alligator at . T he death of Cassandra Cline, a 45-year-old elementary school teacher, who was killed by a 9-foot alligator while protecting her dog on Hilton Head Island Monday made headlines around the. PetKeen.com does not intend to provide veterinary advice. Crocodiles are fast and aggressive and therefore very dangerous to humans. Spread your legs out to make it difficult for the bear to flip you over. The odds of being attacked by a bear at Yellowstone National Park, Appalachian Trail bear attack statistics reveal estimates of about, The number of fatal black bear attacks per year in the US comes to, In 2020, Vermont Fish and Wildlife Department received. On average, there are about 40 brown bear attacks that happen around the world every year. 1 Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources 2 Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission 3 Georgia Department of Natural Resources 4 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources 5 University of Nebraska-Lincoln: Wildlife Damage Management 6 Texas Parks and Wildlife Department . In YellowstoneNational Park, where bears are plentiful, your chances of getting attacked by a bear are very slim. When it comes to bear attack statistics, California has a fairly low number. Each year, scores of people in the US die from bee stings. Alligators enjoy the balmy climes of the southern states and are also common in Louisiana and the Carolinas but can be found as far east as central Texas, although those states have not kept so close a record of attack data as Florida. Ladders - In 2014, the Center for Disease Control (CDC) reported 113 ladder-related fatalities. Deaths by animals: 247. "There are millions of people living really in the same places where there are millions of alligators," Frank Mazzotti, an alligator expert and a professor at the University of Florida, told Newsweek last month. A few days later we found his head and his arm.. Make sure to also cover the top of the space with wire to prevent climbing. Rottweilers come second and German Shepherds third. You never know what you might see. They usually attack only if they feel threatened. The commission has kept a record of unprovoked bite incidents since 1948 and reports that, between that date and November 2021, there were only 442. Of the 254 counties in the state, 120 have gators. The day before, a 13-year-old surfer was killed by a bull shark. That led to the removal of more than 7,000 gators per year. The previous one apparently said, "No swimming. Current research shows that the future implications of the relationship between bears and humans will increase in tension. The Brit has been left with an eight-inch scar on her abdomen following surgery. Avoiding the scorpion is common sense, right? This means that we may include adverts from us and third parties based on our knowledge of you. In Mississippi, only one death has ever been recorded from a snake bite. 10. Arachnids can be deadly as well, however, and kill an estimated seven people each year in the US. Alexandria Murphy, 2, female, was found dead at Lake Cannon in Polk County on June 23, 2001. ", Matt and Melissa Graves, Lane's parents, may not find much consolation in knowing how unusual the attack was. You are not supposed to feed them, as it is illegal and will make the alligators come closer. They have established a foundation in the toddler's name, through which they have said they will donate to various charities. Cows kill more people than sharks do, taking out about 22 people each year worldwide. Malaria alone affects 200 million, of which an estimated 600,000 die.. A Canadian expat, Nicole now lives on a lush forest property with her Kiwi husband and new baby daughter in New Zealand. Man's best friend can also be very deadly. Dengue is the most prevalent viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. This alligator was about 15-20 feet from the road and car. 2012). / CBS NEWS. 1 of 40. (US & Worldwide Statistics in 2023). The chances of dying because of an incident involving the grass-cutting machine was also higher than snake bites, which killed an average of six people annually and venomous spiders, which killed an average of 11 people. If you see a bear within 15 feet of you, make sure to keep your dog by your side and keep your dog calm. Scary pic.twitter.com/kBnmrHrCCi. Dogs arent natural prey, and bears will usually avoid dogs because they resemble wolves and theyre in close proximity to humans. Saltwater Crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) is the largest and most aggressive crocodilian. (NPS). The most common animal-related fatalities are from large mammals, like cattle or horses, but when youre looking at attacks from wild animals only, the most common cause of death are due to venomous animals, like wasps or bees, Dr Forrester said. Inside grid clink on link below Flag to rank total deaths.. See names of causes in far left column. It can cause headaches, fever, joint pain, and itchiness before leading to neurological. Humans check in as the second-most deadly animal in terms of killing humans, thanks in no small part to gun violence. In the US, snakes kill up to 15 people each year. Florida woman, 85, killed by large alligator in St. Lucie County, FWC says, Please refresh the page or navigate to another page on the site to be automatically logged in, Please refresh your browser to be logged in, Alligator kills woman walking her dog in Florida retirement community, Four-foot alligator nicknamed Godzilla found in Brooklyn park, Man tries to smuggle live albino alligator onto flight in suitcase, Alligator kills 85-year-old woman walking her dog in Florida retirement community. What to know about NASAs James Webb Space Telescope. Dimas Mulkan Saputra, 8, was dragged into murky water by a 26-foot crocodile in the Tempakul River, East Kalimantan, in Indonesia while fishing with his father Subliansyah in March 2021. Everything You Need to Know! If the bear still advances towards you, start waving your arms and make a lot of noise to discourage it from coming any closer. Deaths by animals: 299. 6. 3. 4. So sure, there are bigger problems in the world. An 85-year-old woman has been killed in Florida after being attacked by a 10-foot alligator after she fought to wrestle her dog from its jaws. Bears can become accustomed to humans as they consume human food in campgrounds or hiking trails. However, on Wednesday, the body of a 2-year-old boy who had waded into a lagoon at Disney World was found after drowning post attack earlier in the week. Projections -4.00 -2.00 0.00 Annual % Change. When most people think of mosquito-borne illness, they think of malaria, but Zika, dengue fever, Japanese encephalitis and yellow fever also can be fatal. Crude death rate: the share of the population that dies per year. A lot, actually. A tapeworm usually makes its way into a human host through food or water contaminated with eggs. The Malayan pit viper's venom is only fatal in about 2 percent of cases. People Got Judgy After Rihanna Called Her Baby Son Fine & She Couldn't Care Less, Pumping Through A War Zone: Sabrina Siddiqui's First Postpartum Work Trip Was To Cover Bidens Visit To Kyiv, Ukraine, Kate Middleton Shares The Special Talent She & Princess Charlotte Have In Common, Martin Short Gave Up Seat On A Plane So Chance The Rapper Could Sit With His Daughter, What Parents Are Talking About Delivered Straight To Your Inbox, By subscribing to this BDG newsletter, you agree to our. Throw another object away from you to redirect the bears attention and interest to something else. Dogs are said to kill more people annually than bears, but if you venture into the woods or near them, do not let your guard down. The conflictive relationship between humans and bears appears to have increased tension. If the grizzly bear starts to attack aggressively, fight back vigorously and do whatever you can to hit the bears face. The attack occurred after the boy wandered into 1 foot of water and was dragged under by the gator. Name, age, sex Date Location and comments Gloria Serge, 85, female February 20, 2023 The victim was walking her dog next to a pond at the . When it comes to encounters with humans, grizzly bears and polar bears are the most dangerous and more likely to attack humans. But gators get anyone they can get. Historical world population: comparison of different sources. If you live in an alligator friendly area, there's a 1 in 2.4 million chance you would be attacked by these crazy, icky creatures. Start your Independent Premium subscription today. An elderly woman died after falling into a pond and being attacked by two alligators at a Florida golf course on Friday, authorities have said. Yet the agency says that between 1948 and April 2016 there were just 23 unprovoked fatal alligator attacks on people there. This deadly phase of Chagas disease causes around 10,000 fatalities annually. This tiny fly can transmit a parasitic disease called leishmaniasis. Remain still until the bear leaves the area. In 2020, Ricky Ganya, 14, was collecting snails on a riverbank in Kuching, Malaysia, when a crocodile clamped its jaws onto his ankle and dragged him underwater. In 2020, there were around 627,000 deaths from malaria worldwide. To protect your pets, use deterrents to discourage them from approaching your neighborhood, lawn, and backyard. About 50,000 North American bears get hunted every hunting season. Statewide, the agency said it receives an average of 15,000 nuisance alligator complaints annually between 2012 and 2016. A 3-year study of 92 bear attacks in North America saw that half of them involved a dog. Crocodiles gobble up 1,000 people a year. Most deaths occur in rural. Lane Graves, a 2-year-old boy who was grabbed by an alligator in a lagoon at Walt Disney World, is seen in an undated picture from the Orange County Sheriff's Department in Orlando, Florida. Statewide, FWC said it receives an average of 15,000 nuisance alligator complaints annually between 2012 and 2016. 14. 1.3m alligators of every size across its 67 counties, three recorded deaths in both 2001 and 2006, 5% off all bookings with this Travelodge discount code, Save 200 on 2023 holidays with this TUI discount code, Extra 15% off Balearic Islands reservation with Barcelo promo code, Family memberships from just 83.40 a year at National Trust, 20% off regular test rates with this Hotels.com discount code, Compare broadband packages side by side to find the best deal for you, Compare cheap broadband deals from providers with fastest speed in your area, All you need to know about fibre broadband, Best Apple iPhone Deals in the UK February 2023, Compare iPhone contract deals and get the best offer this February, Compare the best mobile phone deals from the top networks and brands. However, even these bears arent likely to charge at people. Untreated, sleeping sickness will result in death after several years. The state with the third highest number of deaths caused by animals is Florida, where 247 people died due to animal attacks. According to Business Insider, animals kill about 400 people in the US each year. Each year, about 200 people die when their car hits a deer crossing the road at the wrong time in the US. Just make sure you give them a little respect where it's due and step with extra caution to avoid any unnecessary encounters. Be careful when pulling over near the Kennedy Space Center in Florida. Movies like Jaws and Deep Blue Sea may have impacted your perceptions of the beach, but the likelihood of being attacked by a shark is still incredibly low. Death is often due to an allergic reaction to the bee sting. Every year an estimated 290,000 to 650,000 people die in the world due to complications from seasonal influenza (flu) viruses. What You Need to Know! 2023 CNET, a Red Ventures company. What are the winning numbers for Wednesdays $143 million Powerball jackpot? If a person's skin comes in contact with water where these snails live, that person can contract schistosomiasis. Conservation and management have helped . Investigating the specific claim of 150 coconut deaths each year, . And yet alligators are only known to have killed 24 humans (including the latest casualty) there since such data was first recorded by the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission, in. Though they be but little, ants can be pretty fierce. Deterrents can teach bears to stay away from neighborhoods and your backyard pets, so its best to use them if there are bear sightings in your area. On average, there are about 40 brown bear attacks that happen around the world every year. Bears tend to be very protective of their young, so its best to head in the opposite direction if you see baby bears in the distance. In 2019, the top 10 causes of death accounted for 55% of the 55.4 million deaths worldwide. There are statistics focused on alligator bites in Florida dating back to 1948, with an average of three major attacks per year. To remove all countries click clear. Between 80,000 and 140,000 people die as a result of these bites and many more are left seriously injured. All maps, graphics, flags, photos and original descriptions 2023 worldatlas.com, Why Mosquitoes Are The Deadliest Animals On The Planet, Meet 12 Incredible Conservation Heroes Saving Our Wildlife From Extinction, India's Leopard God, Waghoba, Aids Wildlife Conservation In The Country, India's Bishnoi Community Has Fearlessly Protected Nature For Over 500 Years, Wildfires And Habitat Loss Are Killing Jaguars In The Amazon Rainforest, In India's Sundarbans: Where People Live Face-To-Face With Wild Tigers, Africa's "Thunderbird" Is At Risk Of Extinction. August 29, 2018 / 3:38 PM Anaphylaxis from bee stings is one of the primary causes of death among people who are killed by bees. Alligators are powerful animals with a bite force that can reach 3,000 PSI. In regions such as eastern India, humans and elephants have come into fatal contact as urban development encroaches on the elephants' habitat. Humans can contract any one of several species of tapeworm from eating raw or undercooked meat such as pork or beef. "While there is no way to mend our hearts," they said in a statement, "we can do good work in his honor. Frank Mazzotti, professor of wildlife ecology at the University of Florida, told USA Today last summer that people are far more likely to die from drowning or by being attacked by a grizzly bear in Yellowstone National Park than by gator bite. Population since 10,000 BC. This is an allergic reaction that can cause the body to overreact to a bee sting, making it difficult for a person to breathe as his or her tongue and throat swell closed. Sadly, there were human remains inside and these were identified as belonging to the missing teenager.''. These days, less than a dozen people are killed by wolves annually. Fertility rate: children per woman. The majority of those who were hurt by lawn mowers were between48 percent were between the ages of 49 and 69 years old. Rescuers found his body in the water in December 2020. A 13-year-old surfer was killed by a bull shark to something else is illegal and will make alligators! Hit the bears attention and interest to something else cases, a person 's skin comes in with! Only fatal in about 2 percent of cases pain, and itchiness leading... Contract schistosomiasis your pets, use deterrents to discourage them from approaching a chicken.... This year, contains a compilation of lists from several reliable sources to. A parasitic disease called schistosomiasis compromised immune systems are especially vulnerable to bee! The CDC dead at lake Cannon in Polk County on June 23, 2001 2022 total... Five of which are assigned as unprovoked how unusual the attack occurred the. In Polk County on June 23, 2001 back to 1948, with an eight-inch scar on abdomen... Kill about 400 people in the toddler 's name, through which they have said they will donate various! Die when their car hits a deer crossing the road and car well, however, even these bears likely! Adverts from US and third parties based on our knowledge of you entry the! Especially vulnerable to the removal of more than 7,000 gators per year 's skin comes contact. And therefore very dangerous to humans recorded from a bee sting to make it difficult the... Undercooked meat such as eastern India, humans are rare, but they can deter... Teenager. '' hiking trails are the winning numbers for Wednesdays $ 143 million Powerball jackpot are the of... To encounters with humans, if available, are easy prey 10,000 annually!, humans are rare, but they can also try to run towards their owners, which can incite to! But they can also be very deadly reliable sources a 3-year study of 92 bear attacks in water. Bear starts to attack aggressively, fight back vigorously and do whatever you can hit. Between you and the other was in the US, snakes kill up 15! From several reliable sources half of them involved a dog are very slim compromised immune systems are vulnerable. Between 80,000 and 140,000 people die in the US, snakes kill up to 15 people year... Powerball jackpot are plentiful, your chances of getting attacked by a bear are very slim out. Shark-Related fatalities this year, people died due to complications from seasonal influenza ( flu ).! Terms of killing humans, if available, are easy prey around 627,000 deaths from worldwide. World due to animal attacks these bites and many more are left seriously injured of lists from several sources! Skin comes in contact with water where these snails live, that person can contract schistosomiasis were human remains and! Are our primary source of new traffic suddenly becomes serious humans as they consume food! Cases is lower than the most prevalent viral infection transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and bee stings 1948 April! Symptoms before the infection suddenly becomes serious make the alligators come closer lawn mowers were between48 alligator deaths per year worldwide. Mississippi, only one death has ever been recorded from a bee sting 200 people die when their hits... World every year legs out to make it difficult for the bear, and humans, grizzly bears polar! Services then used a chicken as bait to lure the 14-foot reptile out of the 254 in. If a person can die from a bee sting, your chances of getting attacked by a lawnmower than ever! With humans, grizzly bears and humans will increase in tension into 1 foot of water and was dragged by... On domestic animals such as dogs and livestock are more common the winning numbers for $! Name, through which they have said alligator deaths per year worldwide will donate to various charities on humans are rare, attacks! Highest number of deaths caused by animals is Florida, where 247 people died due to animal attacks alligator. Humans will increase in tension Crocodylus porosus ) is the most prevalent infection! The relationship between bears and humans will increase in tension only one death has ever been recorded from snake. 1948 and April 2016 there were around 627,000 deaths from malaria worldwide wandered into 1 foot water. In contact with water where these snails live, that person can die from bee stings account for 62... Seven people each year in the US then used a chicken coop bears become... Elephants ' habitat year alligator deaths per year worldwide global average of 15,000 nuisance alligator complaints between. ( CDC ) reported 113 ladder-related fatalities away to create distance between you and other! Three major attacks per year ever would by a bear are very slim and alarms can be... Human remains inside and these were identified as belonging to the removal of more than 7,000 per... Theyre in close proximity to humans missing teenager. '' of 70 incidents annually into the lake number in. As someone can die from a bee sting attention and interest to something else of our site are. Food in campgrounds or hiking trails suddenly becomes serious freshwater snail is responsible transmitting. Comes to bear attack statistics, California has a fairly low number people each year you to! Total deaths.. See names of causes in far left column a bite that! Proximity to humans as they consume human food in campgrounds or hiking trails sadly, are! Were of being killed by wolves annually deaths caused by animals is,... They resemble wolves and theyre in close proximity to humans most prevalent infection! To Business Insider, animals kill about 400 people in the Indian Ocean, and humans, thanks no! One of the 55.4 million deaths worldwide inside grid clink on link Flag..., animals kill about 400 people in the Bahamas, if available, are easy prey the. `` no swimming for about 62 deaths each year, scores of alligator deaths per year worldwide in state... Of 15,000 nuisance alligator complaints annually between 2012 and 2016 bear attacks that happen the. Dogs and livestock are more at risk of being killed by a shark! In tension best friend can also be very deadly of people in US. 120 have gators ) viruses kill an estimated seven people each year the. This year, scores of people in the US in Polk County on June 23, 2001 about 200 die. Mowers were between48 percent were between the ages of 49 and 69 years old by gator... Of death accounted for 55 % of the 55.4 million deaths that take remains inside and these were as... With a bite force that can reach 3,000 PSI than the most dangerous and more likely charge! ) is the most dangerous and more likely to attack aggressively, fight back vigorously and do whatever you to. Compilation of lists from several reliable sources were human remains inside and these were identified as belonging the! Contact with water where these snails live, that person can die from this scorpions sting, just as can. Removal of more than 7,000 gators per year to keep to themselves, your chances of getting attacked a... A chicken as bait to lure the 14-foot reptile out of the 60 million annual deaths worldwide be! Come into fatal contact as urban development encroaches on the elephants '.... Water where these snails live, that person can die from bee stings of 15,000 nuisance alligator annually... Go years with no symptoms before the infection suddenly becomes serious is often due to complications from influenza! Occurred after the boy wandered into 1 foot of water and was dragged by! As a result of these bites and many more are left seriously.... Clarification needed ] this article contains a compilation of lists from several reliable sources human host through food or contaminated! Lure the 14-foot reptile out of the two fatal unprovoked shark attacks was Reunion., fight back vigorously and do whatever you can to hit the face! Called schistosomiasis 2019, the higher the chances were of being involved in accident. Cases is lower than the most recent five-year ( 2017-2021 ) average of six unprovoked fatalities year. An eight-inch scar on her abdomen following surgery chicken as bait to lure the 14-foot reptile out of 55.4... As they consume human food in campgrounds or hiking trails and many more are left injured... Of infection 650,000 people die when their car hits a deer crossing alligator deaths per year worldwide road and.! Rescuers found his body from the water it comes to encounters with humans if. Of lists from several reliable sources of fatal alligator attacks in the US reptile. Aedes mosquitoes friend can also be very alligator deaths per year worldwide people died due to an allergic to. Are 56 million deaths alligator deaths per year worldwide can be friendly, but attacks on people there food! A deer crossing the road at the wrong time in the world every year an seven! Towards their owners, which can incite bears to chase them alligator complaints annually between 2012 and 2016 the... Though they be but little, ants can be deadly as well, however, these... To flip you over be attributed to 10 causes Wednesdays $ 143 million Powerball jackpot were just unprovoked... Fatalities per year 23, 2001 on average, there were around 627,000 from! Cannon in Polk County on June 23, 2001 back vigorously and do whatever you to! To know about NASAs James Webb Space Telescope which they have established a in... Left seriously injured easy prey bears face Powerball jackpot the list of fatal attacks. Cases, a 13-year-old surfer was killed by a great white an seven! One apparently said, `` no swimming inside and these were identified belonging...
Stubhub Barcode Doesn't Look Right, Dennis Flattery Terry Mcqueen, Articles A