Although the Armfield gang vanishes from the record, it is possible to follow in detail a coffle of people on the journey from Tennessee to New Orleans, thanks to William Wallers letters. Four or five tents were spread, and the large wagons, which were to accompany the expedition, were stationed where they could be piled high with provisions and other necessaries. New clothes were loaded in bundles. Advertising Notice John's three married daughters had remained in Pennsylvania. Hundreds of thousands crossed this waymigrants, enslaved people, whites, Indians. He turns. A thicket of McMansions follows, in every ersatz style. Before he married, Isaac had companions, some willing, some unwilling. In the library at Yale I did a bit more unearthing and found a travelogue by a man named Ethan Andrews, who happened to pass through Alexandria a year later and witness the organizing of an Armfield coffle. Kenneth Thomson opens the door to his house, which is clapboard and painted a pretty cottage yellowquaint, not grand. 1695 ENG d. 1792 NC Julie Avedikian 2/13/00 Re: John Armfield b. Trailer-park childhood. A clergyman who saw a march toward Shenandoah remembered that the gang members, having left their wives, children, or other near connections and never likely to meet them again in this world, sang to drown the suffering of mind they were brought into. Witnesses said Old Virginia Never Tire was one song all the coffles sang. Ferrill and was brought to Mobile, Alabama at the age of 10 years. I think America continues to be uncomfortable talking about the original sin of slavery, McInnis said. The Valley Turnpike once ran on its edge, and the coffle of 300 saw the place from the road. The story of the masses who trekked a thousand miles, from the tobacco South to the cotton South, sometimes vanished in an economic tale, one about the invention of the cotton gin and the rise of King Cotton. It sometimes sank into a political story, something to do with the Louisiana Purchase and the first Southwestthe young states of Alabama, Mississippi, Louisiana and Texas. When I meet Boxley he wears red pants, brown slip-ons and a blue T-shirt that says, Juneteenth150th Anniversary. Since 1995, he has annoyed the state of Mississippi and worried tourist managers with his singular obsession to mark the lives of those who passed down the Slave Trail through Forks of the Road. The floor is a marble mosaic. I think thats interesting. It sat under a piece of glass and measured about 2 by 4 feet. That was possible largely because of the traders willingness to be unusually cruel and heartless even for a business built around the sale of human beings as they committed atrocities they appeared to relish. Well, Germans and Scots-Irish settled the Shenandoah, thats who was here. My mothers name was Matilda; she lived near Wilton, Va., and belonged to a Mr. Percifield. (Armfields hotel, which still stands, is used to host events including Methodist retreats.) I am president of the Sumner County Hysterical Society, he cracks, the only place you get respect for knowing a lot of dead people.. In 1832, at age 43, supremely rich from 20 years as a long-distance trader, Franklin built a big house on 2,000 acres outside Gallatin. His book was not much readit had a due-date notice from 50 years agobut in it Andrews described the scene as Armfield directed the loading for an enormous journey. Relatives of President James Madison put up the stone mansion at Belle Grove during the 1790s, and it lives on as a fine house museum run by a historian, Kristen Laise. Edward Ball is the author of five books of nonfiction and a lecturer in English at Yale University. Thereand this is conjecture, based on what happened to other gangshalf of the big gang might have been sold. Can anyone inform me of the whereabouts of John Person, the son of Hannah Person, of Alexandria, Va., who belonged to Alexander Sancter? The men made it across. Buyers looked at the people, took them inside, made them undress, studied their teeth, told them to dance, asked them about their work, and, most important, looked at their backs. In Knoxville, in October 1847, Waller readied his gang of 20 or more for the second half of their journey. The great fall in cotton has so alarmed the people that there is not the slightest prospect of our selling our negroes at almost any price, he wrote home. Next came wagons with the young children and those who could no longer walk. One thing that is hard to document but impossible to ignore is the fancy trade. New Orleans had a niche market. He counted nine wagons and carriages and some 200 men manacled and chained to each other, lining up in double file. The auction advertisements at the end of the Slave Trail always said, Virginia and Maryland Negroes.. But bad habits concerning sex were rampant among some of those men. When Delores McQuinn was growing up, her father told her a story about a search for the familys roots. Along the way, the coffle met other slave gangs, construction crews rebuilding the Wagon Road, widening it to 22 feet and putting down gravel. We are not accountable for what happened then. Franklin and Armfield each fathered at least one child with an enslaved woman, Rothman said. Both institutions broke attendance records. Sarah Ann $675, Louisa $650. He suspects the abuse, which had no financial purpose, stemmed from a desire for raw power: They did it because they could, and they felt like it.. Thomas Dabney was an acquaintance from Virginia who had moved to Raymond, on the Natchez Trace, 12 years earlier and doubled his already thick riches as a cotton planter. Thats on the Internet. As U.S. 11 steps into Tennessee, the road finds the Holston River and runs parallel to it. Oh, no. They probably would have had to kill me, with my temperament. She laughs again. He knew what manners and culture were, Thomson says. If you carry hatred or strong dislike for people, all you are doing is hurting yourself.. Swinging back into Mississippi, Old Factors Stand, LeFleurs Stand, Crowders Stand, others. But he stood in the door, in front of my grandfather, and lit a match to the papers. Double Oaks is a significant historic property, honored by placement on the National Register in 1985. You know they took advantage of the black women, and there were no repercussions there. John Armfield (abt. The women they bought and sold were fancy maids, a term signifying youth, beauty and potential for sexual exploitation by buyers or the traders themselves. I shook my mothers hand and held it a little too long, and she suspicioned something, Glenn said. As the steamboat churned to dock, it passed ships berthed five or six deep, miles of them, from all nations of the earth, bringing in their products and carrying away ours. The arrival, gangplank on the levee, cargo everywhere. The drama of a million individuals going so far from their homes changed the country. History, too, has largely let them off scot-free, Schermerhorn said. When I grew up, we were servanted. of [father unknown] and [mother unknown] John Armfield wore a big white hat and striped pants. The current names of the streets that form the ForksLiberty Road and DEvereaux Drivediffer from the old ones. I dont feel anything per se, she says, benignly. Franklin worked with a few partners over the years but connected with his longest-lasting collaborator the man who became his closest friend, confidant and nephew by marriage in the early 1820s. My heart grieves over Sarah and I do wish it could be different, he wrote. A flatboat could float down the Mississippi to Natchez in two weeks. The two most ruthless domestic slave traders in America had a secret language for their business. Lucy $550.Col. Dabney has taken Henry and is security for the balancethe three sisters to one man. He was relieved. Here, too, in the St. Louis Hotels beautiful vaulted room, families at the end of the Slave Trail were divided. As the gang fell in, Armfield and his men made jokes, standing near, laughing and smoking cigars.. John Armfield: Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc. Muttenz Descendants, Inc.is a not-for-profit tax-exempt corporation portraying and honoring the frontier heritage of Muttenz descendants and their neighbors. It is an easy chat between strangers, until I bring up the slave days. The Civil War interrupted the fortunes of the southern plantation owners and the cottages acquired by them were taken back by John Armfield. What to do or where to go I know notI am surrounded by difficulty, he brooded. During the 50 years of the Slave Trail, perhaps half a million people born in the United States were sold in New Orleans, more than all the Africans brought to the country during two centuries of the Middle Passage across the Atlantic. You see the names. You have to unearth it.. You know, I have been around blacks all my life. Yet today, almost no one knows their names. Terms of Use And here, someone close to the memory of it says much the same. So one of his men picked a shallow place and tested it by sending over a wagon and four horses. Records of that part of the journey do not survive, nor do records about the individual slaves in the coffle. It took two days wages if you earned 50 cents a day, what freedpeoplea new wordwere starting to get for work. Men and boys sold, on average, for about $700. He had six plantations and 650 slaves.. Thomson warms up, shifts in his seat. Waller had been on the trail for two weeks when he wrote home to say, I have seen and felt enough to make me loathe the vocation of slave trading. He did not give details. Address me at Morales, Jackson Co., Texas.Mary Haynes.. They created a modern machinery to support the business of human trafficking.. Explore genealogy for John Armfield born abt. She was sold for $1250 to one of the most lecherous-looking old brutes I ever set eyes on, the reporter noted. 2023 Smithsonian Magazine I do not believe that black people were responsible for their own enslavement, or that African-Americans should be grateful for slavery because they are better off than West Africans, or that a black man was author of the slave system. Enslaved persons--Correspondence. A celebration of life will be held on Friday, March 3rd 2023 at 1:00 PM at the same location. John Armfield, junior partner in the firm Franklin and Armfield of Alexandria, was one of the most prominent slave traders in Virginia. Part of Virginias section of that highway is known as the Lee-Jackson Highway, a love note to Robert E. Lee and Stonewall Jackson, the two Confederate generals. In 1833, he wrote the office back in Virginia about fancy girls he had on hand, and about one in particular whom he wanted. Next door to it was another, the New Orleans Exchange. More than one preservationist had told me that the current owners of Fairvue are hostile to anyone who shows curiosity about the slave dealer who built their lovely home. William Waller left for New Orleans during the second week of January 1848, taking an 18-hour steamboat ride. Their children included a son named Jack Key, who was freed at the end of the Civil War, at age 21. Thomson says he is 74, but he looks 60. Every Sunday, preachers around the South looked out at congregations and read announcements from Lost Friends and columns like it. soon moved the BUcks COunty, PA where he taught school and had 5 sons and 3 daughters. Like other Franklin gangs, the 300 probably got on flatboats in the Cumberland River and floated three days down to the Ohio River, and then drifted down another day to reach the Mississippi. A sudden, loud drone from every direction, the natural music of Mississippi. Today a few of the plantations survive. She was 18 at the time and just over five feet tall. Nearly 450,000 people were uprooted and sent south from the state between 1810 and 1860. He was not ignorant. If you squinted, you could see pinholes in it. Isaac Franklin, Armfields partner, kept house in Louisiana, but his thoughts were often in Tennessee. This is Forks of the Road, the Y-shaped junction formed by St. Catherine Street and Old Courthouse Road, where Isaac Franklin presided. Many slaveholders were inclined to do so, as their plantations made smaller fortunes than many princeling sons would have liked. You say it was 150 years ago? A month ago the bridge was uncovered with a backhoe by a developer, Boxley says. During the last ten years, a number of themEdward Baptist, Steven Deyle, Robert Gudmestad, Walter Johnson, Joshua Rothman, Calvin Schermerhorn, Michael Tadman and othershave been writing the million-person-migration back into view. Waller planned to sell all of them. I was sold with a younger sisterBettie. I made a vow that I was going to North Carolina and see my mother if she was still living. He wore my old Virginia cloth coat and pantaloons on his march, as he told his wife, Sarah Garlandthe daughter of a congressman and a granddaughter of Patrick Henry, the orator and patriot. (Video: Ashleigh Joplin/The Washington Post). Theyre the ones who turned the business of selling humans from one part of the U.S. to another into a very modern, organized business no longer just one trader who might move a few people from one plantation to another, said Maurie D. McInnis, a professor at the University of Texas at Austin who studies the cultural history of slavery. While their business strategy was not especially innovative, it was conducted on a scale bigger and better than anyone else, Rothman said. Our mission is to offer gracious hospitality while providing opportunities for connecting with God & community. Some museum curators know about it, too. The Armfield coffle of 1834 is better documented than most slave marches. John Armfield Barrister and Mediator John specialises in estate litigation. What do you think about Isaac Franklin? Dabney told him that I must not take less than my pricethey were worth it., He later wrote home, I have sold! He expected another month on the road. They ran to family, friends, or across state lines to freedom. We had a nurse, a woman who used to be called a mammy. And this is one of its most horrific chapters.. That meant feeding their captives large amounts of corn pone and pork to fatten them up, dying gray hair black so they looked younger, and if an enslaved persons skin was scarred with whip marks smearing wax into the wounds so they looked healthier, according to McInnis. What was it like to be in the room with Isaac Franklin? In 1827, it was 1,359. I am drafted by the inactivity of others to do history work, he tells me. It would turn out to be four. She laughs, surprisingly. In 1834, the two men became family when Armfield married Franklins niece. Listed in 1790 Guilf census 1-2-1 Thomson takes a half-second. He called it Fairvue. There were two auction stands, each five feet above the floor, on either side of the rotunda. The fireflies come out in the dwindling dusk. It is 8 p.m., and the sun is failing. In Raymond, thanks to Thomas Dabney, Waller had gotten in touch with a slave seller named James Ware, a 42-year-old with Virginia roots. His path to the slave trade was less clear-cut than Franklins. Are we responsible for what the slave traders did? She points to a document from the steamerHibernia, which arrived from Louisville in 1831. The remainder of the gang pushed on to Natchez. And beneath the dome, with sunlight shafting down through windows in the apse, both auction stands did business simultaneously, in French and in English. Not long ago I was reading some old letters at the library of the University of North Carolina, doing a little unearthing of my own. Maurie McInnis, a historian and vice provost at the University of Virginia, who curated the Richmond exhibit, stood in front of a slave dealers red flag that she tracked down in Charleston, South Carolina, where it had lain unseen in a box for more than 50 years. At this point in the journey, other spurs, from Louisville and Lexington to the north, joined the main path of the Slave Trail. They had seen the money others were making by selling out and decided to do the same. Privacy Statement Franklin and Armfield transported an estimated 10,000 enslaved people over the course of their careers, according to Rothman. . My name was then Hannah Person, it is now Hannah Cole. The Slave Trail of Tears is the great missing migrationa thousand-mile-long river of people, all of them black, reaching from Virginia to Louisiana. Greenwald stands in front of two beige livery coats hanging behind a pane of glass. Which means that Isaac Franklin was my great-great-great-great-uncle., It is an important gloss, as it turns out: You see, Thomson said, my forebear James Franklin was the family member who introduced Isaac Franklin to the slave business., Taking a seat in an armchair upholstered in wine-colored brocade, he picks up the story. | READ MORE. On Tuesday, October 19, the troop headed southwest, Waller leading from his horse and his friend James Taliaferro bringing up the rear, both men armed. During the black power years of the 1960s he renamed himself Ser Seshsh Ab Heter. After the Tennessee River, where the Trace dips into Alabama for 50 miles, Buzzard Roost Stand. Reading lights look like converted oil lamps. Their plan was to leave a few slaves behind with Sarah as house servants and for William to march nearly all the rest to Natchez and New Orleans. Watch out for my Jim Crow kitchen, he says from the other room. I could not shake off my chains, nor move a yard without the consent of my master., (My own ancestors held slaves in South Carolina for six generations. Members of the Armfield family among the travelers were John, his wife, and their five sons-William, John, Jr., Robert, Isaac and Thomas and all their families. The two men launched the slave trading firm Franklin & Armfield and moved into the Alexandria townhouse today a museum in 1828. There was also Mitchell, a boy of 10 or 11, and Foster, 20-ish and strong, his prize hand. In Louisiana the top prices could be had for a buck, a muscled man bound for the hell of the sugar fields. John Armfield Salmon 6 MAY 1823 - 12 FEB 1886 Benjamin Campsall ABT 1769 - JAN 1861 Elizabeth Campsall 10 FEB 1800 - 24 JUL 1874 Ann Thompson ABT 1767 - Family Group Sheet - Child. He lives alone in a five-room cottage in a black section of town, away from the camera-ready center of Natchez. Armfield may have been less extroverted, but he, too, drew accolades for his social graces. He does not make small talk. At the center of the hotel was a rotunda 100 feet in diameterover which rises a dome as lofty as a church spire, a reporter for theMilwaukee Daily Sentinelwrote. 1730 including research + descendants + more in the free family tree community. No. They were turning out the new Valley Turnpike, a macadam surface with ditches at the sides. Thomson emphasizes these last sentences. Based in Alexandria, Virginia, they traded thousands of African Americans to the Deep South and secured millions in profit. No buildings on that half-acre. [1] He was also the developer of Beersheba Springs, and a co-founder of Sewanee: The University of the South . Then she came to me and said, Aint you my child? Glenn recalled. Although today is Sunday my hands are engaged in repairing the road to enable us to pass on.. He became interested in Franklin and Armfield after perceiving a relative paucity of books or articles about the duo what he called a gaping hole in all of the literature on the slave trade.. He complained that his wifes brother Samuel had condescended to him a few months before. Its been a long time. We had never done a dedicated exhibition on the slave trade, on slavery. There they were sold to new bosses and dispersed in a 300-mile radius to the sugar and cotton plantations. Armfield has at least one direct black descendant, Rodney Williams, who wrote about his heritage which he said he discovered through DNA testing in an essay included in Slaverys Descendants, published in May. Developing the exhibit, Greenwald and her team created a database of names of the enslaved who were shipped from the Eastern states to New Orleans. The nicest families in the Shenandoah tipped people into the pipeline south. McQuinn was raised in Richmond, the capital of Virginia and the former capital of the Confederacya city crowded with monuments to the Old South. You then have to squeeze through a countless multitude of men, women, and children of all ages, tongues, and colors of the earth until you get into the city proper., He had heard bad things about New Orleans, expected to be frightened by it, and was. Though unsure what he wanted to do, Armfield was clear on what he didnt: He loathed farming. Imagine a white woman asks a question:This story is hard for me to listen to and to understand. It was at the beginning of the 1800s. Several factors set the pair apart, Rothman explained: For one thing, their timing was impeccable. He did it, but it is what it is. It meant compliant, gentle and not broken by overwork. Isaac Franklin and John Armfield were two of the nation's most successful slave traders. The slave cabins were vacant. A plate of pokeweed yanked up from the field and put on the table is one way of saying a mess. Blair shifts metaphors. The chain gang also has roots in the Slave Trail. The coffle moved along at three miles an hour. And thats what the times were. She deflects the subject politely. The city government passed an ordinance that banned all long-distance dealers selling people within the city limits. Isaac Franklin put a building right where that muffler shop issee the peach-colored shed, across the street? These were stores and taverns with places to sleep in the back. We had a guy that doubled as a driver and supervised the warehouse. A group of Franklins indirect white descendants learned of their relationship to the slave trader a few years ago and, in 2018, donated money and relics to the Alexandria museum located where their ancestors business once stood. To my recollection my fathers name was Joseph, and my mothers Milly, my brothers Anthony, and my sisters Maria.My name was Annie Ferrill, but my owners changed my name. It was a part of life in those days. I mean, just gung-ho., Thomson gets up and walks through the house, pointing out the ample Franklin memorabilia. Gangs of slaves were welcome if they slept in the field, far from business. William Armfield, who is the ancestor of the Brown family, was born in B ucks County, Pennsylvania in 1720. When Franklin and Armfield retired, they passed easily into elite white society, achieving respectable dotage without a murmur. I was sold to Joseph Bruin, who took me to New Orleans. It gave the Deep South a character it retains to this day; and it changed the slaves themselves, traumatizing uncountable families. Bradley Beal hits season high as Wizards fight to the finish in Atlanta, For Ovechkin in winter, a deadline sell-off makes sense this spring, Commanders cut Carson Wentz and Bobby McCain, clearing cap space, is used to host events including Methodist retreats. Since 2007, a proposal to incorporate the site into the National Park Service has been creeping toward approval. Families--Southern States. They are a manifest, or list, of one group of 110 people moved by Isaac Franklin in 1829. But if New Orleans was the Kennedy Airport of the Slave Trail, the grass at Forks of the Road was its OHare. She was fancier than he. William Waller and his gang, and other hundreds of thousands arriving by foot, did not leave traces in government records. Few, if any, American high school or college students ever learn about the duo. Overland coffles would have used the road that molders off in the trees. Armfield, meanwhile, purchased an old hotel in the Tennessee mountains and converted it to a luxury summer getaway for the wealthy. On the dark slope after 40, since you ask. The companys agents sent people down to Franklin & Armfields slavepens (another word that has disappeared) in Alexandria, just nine miles south of the U.S. Capitol: seamstresses, nurses, valets, field hands, hostlers, carpenters, cooks, houseboys, coachmen, laundresses, boatmen. It would have been the easiest thing to do. Sometimes, as in Balls case, the chain ran through an iron neck collar. Franklin and Armfield met a few years after that in the course of business and immediately developed a rapport, Rothman said an intimacy that continued for decades and fueled their profitability. Days and nights down the Valley Turnpike, the spine of the Blue Ridge, destination Tennessee, where Armfield would hand over his coffle and board a stagecoach back to Alexandria. Frederick County Visitor Center. It was bigger than the wagon-train migration to the West, beloved of American lore. Leave a sympathy message to the family on the memorial page of John Hawkins Jr. to pay them a last tribute. There were free blacks in the South that owned slaves. In the kitchen are mammy salt shakers, black lawn jockeys, Uncle Tom figurines and memorabilia of other irritating kindslithographs of pickaninnies eating watermelon, an African figure in a grass skirt, a poster for Country Style Corn Meal featuring a bandanna-wearing, 200-pound black woman. One in particular gives the flavor. So-called mulatresses., Isaac Franklin was all over this market. On holidays it is something, we have to rent a community center. There is great demand for fancy maids, [but] I was disappointed in not finding your Charlottesville maid that you promised me. Franklin told the Virginia office to send the Charlottesville maid right away by ship. 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