Manila: Editorial Associates Ltd. Goda, Toh. In politics, warlord rule emerged. These have shields, spears, and jewelry of whitewood, and are placed at the entrances and boundaries of villages. The abong are temporary dwellings with pyramidal roofs. Ethnic Houses and Philippine Artistic Expression. One officer, Lieutenant Jeff Gallman, was considered by the Ifugao as their greatest apo because of his bravery and gallantry. After the farmers have worked on the fields all day, they may dance the paypayto to the beat of the gangsa. The mens necklaces are the balitok, a C-shaped string worn tight at the base of the neck that has two to eight pieces of gold, silver, or copper; the pang-o (amber beads), which are added to the balitok but hang lower; and a tight necklace of trapezoidal shells. But air circulates freely through two doors, one in front and the other at the back. The langitang is generally used during burial rituals to drive away spirits and revenge rituals for a slain Ifugao. In late 1899, General Emilio Aguinaldo, called Miliyu by the Ifugao, penetrated the Cordilleras, with the Americans in pursuit. Heads were proudly displayed in the Ifugao home as a sign of prestige and gallantry. Antalaw represents the father of Bugan and also the living father of either husband or wife for whom the rites are being held. The traditional practices related to engagement, marriage, and divorce have waned as the Ifugao have adapted to Christian ways. This helps in determining who to invite to feasts and gatherings that require the presence of relatives. 1979. By becoming a city dweller, Philip became less sentimental with his cultural identity, beliefs, and customs. During harvest rituals, the libbit, a small conical drum, is added to the ensemble. Wind instruments include the ungiyong (bamboo nose flute); the tongali (mouth flute), which has six holes and can be blown from both ends of the flute; and the hupip (mouth flute), which is made of runo reed as thin as a pen. Batok is the male practice of tattooing, commonly done on the chest, shoulders, and arms. Revenge is a firm Ifugao tradition. Their duel ends only when Aliguyon asks his comrades to take his hip bag to Pumbakhayons house as a sign that he wants Pumbakhayons sister, Bugan, for his wife. Nearby are displayed the jawbones of sacrificial animals. Another ornament may be a small shell attached to the middle stripe at the front end of the G-string (Vanoverbergh 1929, 201). The Ifugao do not have a systematic form of writing, but their oral literaturerecorded traditions, beliefs, and ritualsattest to the vast wealth of literary arts in the region. The Ifugao family is responsible for its affairs as long as every family member follows custom law. Census of Population and Housing. Philippine Statistics Authority. Cordillera Chronology. In the story, the hero Aliguyon arrives at the bank of the Lobong ad Lagud (Lake of the Downstream Region) to which the water of all rivers flow. Rice is grown mainly on the terraces, while sweet potatoes and other tubers are grown on the mountainsides that they have cleared. The brass bikkung is slightly thinner than the bamboo bikkung but serves the same purpose. When they dance, their eyes are focused on one point on the ground, about 90 centimeters from where they are standing, their knees bent down a little, their left foot in front, their hands outstretched with their fingers joined, right hand akimbo behind their right hip. National Statistics Office. Manila: MCS Enterprises Inc. . During the First Golden Age of Philippine Cinema, Gerardo de Leon made Ifugao, 1954, an adaptation of a series in Hiwaga Komiks. Younger men tattoo only their necks and the chest. Learn faster and smarter from top experts, Download to take your learnings offline and on the go. The White Apos: American Governors in the Cordillera Central. Songs about World War II are easily recognized because of their themes and characters. In general, Ifugao music can be classified into instrumental and vocal, with vocal music often performed without musical accompaniment. Another type is the hibat, which is hit in its inner surface with a stick of softwood (Orosa-Goquingco 1980, 72). During World War II, schools were operated by Japanese teachers and Nihonggo was taught. 1966. At the right hand corner of the house, a few inches lower than the floor, is a fireplace under and around which soil is spread out. The Henanga Ifugao practice the cholar, the death ritual performed in the houses specified by the kindred. The thatch prevents the suns heat from penetrating but also allows the rain to slide down. The Philippine Commission headed by Dean Worcester created Mountain Province, composed of seven sub-provinces, namely, Benguet, Amburayan, Bontoc, Ifugao, Lepanto, Apayao, and Kalinga. The poorer Ifugao use bamboo for their walls. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. For two centuries even as the lowlanders were under Spanish domination, Ifugao life remained undisturbed. The Ifugao of Quiangan and Vicinity. Translated by Dean Worcester. The Ifugao have various types of musical instruments and songs for different occasions, particularly during village rituals and social gatherings. The Henanga of Mayoyao use white, red, and blue, with blue dominating, and green and yellow threads are incorporated into the design at the middle. Men wear the binuhlan or wanno (G-string), which is long enough to be wound around the body two or three times. They are of Malay stock and their language is Austronesian (Malayo-Polynesian), as is that of their neighbours, but they have developed a number of cultural characteristics that set them apart. The two men are equally skillful warriors. After the war, Ifugao families went back to their fields while roads were being repaired. They carry a half-dead chicken with their left hand and offer these to the gods. Teaching in an Ifugao Community. Philippine Education 10 (2): 32-33. Accessed 5 November 2014. http://www.census.gov.ph/sites/default/files/attachments/hsd/pressrelease/Cordillera%20Administrative%20Region.pdf. Among these were members of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary (CICM) composed of Roman Catholic priests, nuns, and lay workers from Belgium. Rice is the chief staple; sweet potatoes rank high in consumption but low in prestige. During rituals, ancestors are invoked, with the bulol being a central figure, especially in rice rituals. Ethnic Proverbs, Riddles, Legends, and Plays. Journal of Southern Luzon 8 (July-January): 39-93. Ifugao Culture and History. The Ifugao. Unitas 40 (1): 4-52. The major Ifugao languages are Tuwali in Kiangan and Lagawe; Ayangan or Adyangan in Banaue; Henanga in Mayoyao and Aguinaldo; Hingyon; and Hungduan. The Ifugao Archaeological Project (IAP), a community-led and collaborative research program of the Save the Ifugao Terraces Movement, University of the Philippines-Archaeological Studies. The gamong is for the dead and has several designs: mortar, men, python, lizard, snake, ladder, and shuttle. In the past, brothers and sisters slept in separate houses as soon as they reached the age of six or seven. It is danced to the rhythmic beat of wood against wood, also called the bangibang. The more important rites involve stages in the Ifugao life cycle: rice planting, rice harvesting, sickness, weaving, hunting, acquisition of prestige, marriage, and death and burial. The narrow northwestern coast of Luzon directly facing the West Philippine Sea is the native domain of the Ilocano. The piniwaan nilihha G-string is the richer version of the binuhlan G-string. Igorot: A People Who Daily Touch the Earth and the Sky. The first ritual preceding a hunt is called pahang di amaiyu, which involves sacrificing a chicken and spending ceremonial days of idleness until omens are found favorable. The wife is allowed to accompany the husband in feasts and ceremonies. A pig tied by its hooves to a pole follows the warriors. T he Ifugao province is known for its unique and striking culture and tradition aside from being considered a historical spot as the "Tiger of Malaya" marked with the Yamashita Shrine in Kiangan. When the American troops came, the Ifugao were astonished at the difference between them and Aguinaldos troops. Styles vary among Ifugao living in different places: The sitting types are found in Banaue and Mayoyao; the standing types with hands resting on thighs in Hungduan; the flat or uncarved backs in Lagawe; and the dancing type with hands stretched sideways in Kiangan. ), (What you have planted is what you will reap. . CSG Series 2: Cordillera History. The Great Flood is the story of Kabigat and Bugan, as told by the Kiangan Ifugao. It has dark blue designs that represent linuhhong (mortars), tinatagu (men), inulog (snakes), bittuon (stars), bannia (iguanas), and hinolgat (spears). Dances are also performed as part of rituals. You can read the details below. ( Ngilin takes her to Ambummabbakal, who, hearing her story, is merely amused. Ifugao Extras and the Making of Apocalypse Now. Our Own Voice, March. 1980. The inggalgaletget, made of two pieces joined together, is for working in the rice paddies. 32 slides Folk arts and design of luzon Lucille Ballares 191.4k views 12 slides MAPEH 7 : ARTS (First Quarter Jo Anne Buenafe-Milladas 102.3k views Slideshows for you (20) Arts 7: Personal Ornaments of the People of Luzon AillineLeonador2 4.1k views Arts and crafts of mindanao John John 251.1k views Folk arts and designs of luzon 1 This was resisted at first. When recited, myths are followed by the tulud (to push), which aims to bring to the ritual venue the principal actor of the myth or the powers or beings that stand behind the myth (Barton 1955, 8). In 1847, the military governor Mariano Oscariz carried out expeditions in Mayoyao, Alimit, and Kiangan, burning crops, destroying terrace walls, and executing three Ifugao for every Spaniard killed. By whitelisting SlideShare on your ad-blocker, you are supporting our community of content creators. Bamboo is another material for Ifugao baskets. The Spaniards could not end the Ifugao practice of headhunting completely despite attempts to do so, and the Ifugao continually attacked Spanish garrisons and troops. Got Something to Say? 7 August. The takdag involve the whole community and mark the end of the harvest for the rice year. To this group also belong the field workers who do not own land but serve the kadangyan either as servants or tenants. . Jars and plates are placed on a shelf attached to a wall. Five years later, however, when the Spanish forces were transferred elsewhere and the villagers had by then become disillusioned with the friars, they burned down the church. By tradition, children follow the choice of their parents. Form and Splendor: Personal Adornment of Northern Luzon Ethnic Groups, Philippines. http://www.nscb.gov.ph/ activestats/psgc/province.asp?provcode=142700000. Inicio; Servicios. 2002. Talungatung (fringes) at both ends are generally of the same color as the rest, and they are crowned with the tiniku (red broken line) or the kudilap (alternating red, yellow, and dark blue broken lines). The dance is repeated, and an old man runs out to remove the spears. Families still perform the ritual even if it would mean mortgaging their property or even incurring a lifetime of debt. Radyo Kiphodan DZNC-FM 99.1 is run by the National Nutrition Council (NCC) for its Nutriskwela Radio Network Program. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. It is said that the cultural heroes Bugan and Balitok, or Bugan and Wigan, bought the first ablan (weaving loom) from Punholdayan. The SlideShare family just got bigger. They differ from the bulol in the size, shape, and detail of the base. The Philippine Journal of Science 4 (4): 237-255. 1991. The father has the final say in family activities such as work in the fields, childrens care and training, and feasts. Stylistic variations range from the cubist to the realistic. Vanoverbergh, Morice. The Ifugao produce baskets for household needs as well as other purposes. Betel nut trees are planted and grown on the edge of the terraces to provide shade. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. . Igorotas script is all in English for international marketing and distribution. Headhunting, for example, was a ritualized means of attaining vengeance and glory. Activate your 30 day free trialto continue reading. 1974.Customs and Culture of the Philippines. 1975. The pacification did pave the way for foreign missionaries to enter the Ifugao heartland. Government programs have had little impact on the economic conditions of the people. The abuwab are usually about the husband and wife Bugan and Wigan, said to live in Chuligan (also Dukligan) or Bayukan. The culture and social habits of the associated community has developed deep ties with these rice terraces. Click here to review the details. Another ritual sculpture is the komis (fern tree figure), which has a protective function. Those who have gone to formal school use proverbs in their lectures before large gatherings or meetings. 1929. The hipag are minor war deities. The giniling is a bracelet made of heavy copper wire coiled like a spring 20 to 40 times, gradually increasing in width. The Banaue Hotel and Youth Hostel was soon constructed in the municipality of Banaue. The Ethnohistory of Northern Luzon. Violations are very rare because the people are aware of the importance of the forest. The house is windowless so as to keep the cold out. Tap here to review the details. They stayed in dormitories called agamang under the care of an old man, a widow, or an elderly unmarried woman. Villaverde, Juan. Historical Background of Cordilleras Pursuit for Regional Development and Autonomy.NEDA-CAR. Red, red-and-yellow, or dark blue tassels may be attached to these ends. 1913. They wear earrings and pendants like those worn by men. These elaborate rice terraces are cultivated by the Ifugao people in the mountains of northern Luzon, in the Philippines. In central Ifugao, the ulbong (rice storage basket) is made using the coiling method. Among the Ifugao, Tuwali is the lingua franca, and Ilocano is the second language, used particularly for trading and travel. 1974. Each type of textile reflects particular social functions. When a man decided to settle down, he sought his partner in the agamang. Soon Aguinaldos men resorted to outright confiscation of food supplies, which earned for them the title black hawks or chicken-stealing fowl. This made the Ifugao desire not only the rifles but even more so the heads of the soldiers. 2001. A number of films have been made about the Ifugao and the Banaue Rice Terraces. Hikgut is the ritual sweeping of the house when the rice that is kept in the attic is first used. Pongo (armlets) are also made of copper, with the coils decreasing in width to follow the contour of the arm. Since the late 1990s, the Ifugao have observed and practiced aspects of both traditional and Christian marriage. Jenista, Frank. Washington, D.C.: Catholic Anthropological Conference. The conflict of tradition and modernization has become a prominent topic in most of the films about the Ifugao. If the couple is childless, it is the husbands prerogative to opt for divorce. 1991. Introduction/Rationale . Ifugao workers improved their economic condition, and disparities in wealth were not very significant. Ifugao soldiers were trained in the military arts and soon became marksmen. A centerpiece of this belt may be a large white shell with a smaller red shell attached to its center. Being brother and sister, Kabigat and Bugan leave earth for the downstream region and here bear three children who are deities: Ampuwal, the ancestor of all evil spirits; Ngilin, the ancestor of jealous spirits; and Ambummabbakal, ancestor of all Matangulan gods. Later, it is placed next to the first bundles of rice harvest. In 1832, Colonel Guillermo Galvey pillaged Kiangan, using Ilocano and Pangasinan troops to retaliate against Ifugao attacks on Nueva Vizcaya and Cagayan towns. A ritual may consist of the following steps: the gonod or invocation to the deities or ancestors by name; the dayum or prayer to the deities; the aiyag, in which the mombaki invites the ancestors to come and possess him; the hikkop, in which an ancestor or deity possesses the mombaki; and the tobal, in which the mombaki exhorts the possessing deity or ancestor by expressing the purpose of the feast and the will of the people. Baki or rituals express the Ifugaos religious beliefs and are led by the mombaki. Negotiations between the government and the CPLA led to the formation of the Cordillera Administrative Region (CAR) in July 1987. Cultural differences and the city peoples prejudices cause them to move back to the Ifugao community at the rice terraces. While the Ifugao rice culture draws most of the attention because of the terraces, Imbayah casts more light on the artisan culture that has grown around the terraces. Among the Henanga Ifugao, instead of the hudhud, a man may sing the epfer or a woman the iha, both of which are dirges that narrate the life story of the dead. The Ifugao mark stages of their life cycle with rituals and ceremonies invoking the gods and deities. Older children sleep in the village dormitories. 2004. Although the social organization of the Ifugao differs remarkably from the Balinese, the intensive agricul-tural system and management of irrigation are similar. In 1973, President Ferdinand Marcos issued a decree declaring the Ifugao rice terraces a national landmark. Maramba, Roberto. Matchmaking is made on the basis of wealth and social status. Ifugao culture and laws revolve around their physical environment, expressed in customs and taboos prescribing the treatment and use of environment and natural resources. A cloth pouch, very similar to that of the mens, serves like a pocket, either tucked in the tapis or held by the hand. The rice terraces have created a tourist industry that has resulted in improvements in the infrastructure such as roads, electric grids, and buildings. Different types of gongs or gangsa are played. 2011. Philip, also known as Ip-pig, is an Ifugao who became a Christian and lived in Manila. 1911. The Ifugao dance batad is performed during village feasts and religious rituals involving sacrificial animals. Justice may be considered by the victims relative. Baguilat, Raymundo. The salidummay, which can express ideas or emotions, is usually sung antiphonally by groups of men and women. This is considered highly indecent. The paypayto is an imitation of the high-flying birds who are disturbed by the hunters and fly away to safer places. The Kiangan dancing bulol have separately carved and pegged arms. House entrances usually face away from the slope of a terrace. When the two marry, they move to the city and have a child. His name was derived from the word Philippines. Since animals cannot be used because of the steep terraces, men upturn the soil with wooden spades after soaking the paddy. The poor mans G-string is the plain white tinannong, about 2 meters long and 15 centimeters wide. It is taboo for the people, even for the mombaki, to eat this part of the pig. The mombakis authority has been challenged by these new institutions. While the carving of the ritual bulol has stopped, the Ifugao continue to use these few remaining images in their rice rituals and in guarding their rice granaries. Studies on Kalinga Ullalim and Ifugao Orthography. When a warrior is killed, the bangibang (funeral, war, or revenge dance), is performed during his burial rites. Watters, Jim. In the films narrative, Ifugao rituals such as the slaughter of a carabao, a mumbakis dance and chants, and the sacrifice of chickens were presented simultaneously. 1912. Ifugao villages consist of 12 to 30 houses, usually near the terraces that they cultivate and near water sources and clumps of trees. 82 Bul-ul Bring Local Beliefs to Exhibit. Inquirer.net, 27 September. Researchers and nonmilitary personnel, like Dean Worcester of the Philippine Commission of 1900, went to the mountains to study the indigenous tribes in the Philippines. Over this, three big stones are arranged in a triangle, over which a pot may be placed for cooking. Manila: National Commission for Culture and the Arts. Baguio City: Baguio Printing and Publishing Co. Tolentino, Delfin. 2012. Beneath the underworld is a substream called dagah-na. Although there are basic movement patterns to follow, they are free to move as they please, forming a line, for instance, or dance individually. Elements and Principles of arts used in the arts and crafts of Luzon. They have baskets for winnowing, catching pests, domesticating animals, storing grains and cooked food, keeping household utensils, clothes and personal belongings, and performing rituals and religious ceremonies. Beautiful views from the village of Kiangan, Ifugao (in the Cordillera mountains of the northern Luzon province in the Philippines) Kara's mother Jean is Pedro's daughter and was a nurse in . Children are expected to be present at ceremonies and rituals when the kindred or the lineage is called on to participate. In 2001, the hudhud chants were recognized by the UNESCO as a Masterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity. 1975. Members of the family are advised to marry within the region or if they marry an outsider, to settle near the parents residence. For as long as there was military presence, the Ifugao welcomed the protection of the friars, who were aiming to convert them. National Nutrition Council. Bangkok: UNESCO Bangkok. A fire is kept going in one of the corners of the house. Its highest elevation is at 2,523 meters, and its waters flow toward Magat River, a tributary of the Cagayan River. However, many Ifugao still find the ritual authority of mombaki as complementary to the evolving cultural needs of Ifugao communities in contemporary times. Hence, the baskets and wooden utensils kept in the house are blackened by the smoke. They used hardwoods and timbers for their post. Containers are placed alongside the figures during ceremonies. In some barangays in Banaue, the Ifugao believe that there are five causes of illnesses: when the anito (spirit) snatches the soul from ones body; when spirits of those who were beheaded or killed violently snatch the soul of a living person; when a supernatural power called funi or buni causes the sickness; when illness is caused by a dead relative; or when a mombaki performs black magic to cause the sickness. 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